Self-clocking encoding/decoding film information exchange system using dedicated magnetic tracks on film

ABSTRACT

A virtually transparent magnetic layer is included as an additional layer in a color negative film. Information exchange between various users of the film--such as (for example) the film manufacturer, the camera user, the dealer and photofinisher--is carried via plural longitudinal magnetic tracks on the film that begin and end in individual frames. Each track is dedicated to the writing and reading of a predetermined set of parameters related to the corresponding frame. The photofinisher-dedicated tracts fill the exposed image area of each frame. The camera-dedicated tracks lie along the edges of the film between the film perforations, the perforations being widely spaced for this purpose. All data is recorded on the film using a novel self-clocking code which is completely self-clocking, in order to provide automatic data synchronization between the various users without requiring that any of them to transport the film at the same speed or even at a uniform speed when reading and writing. A start sentinel character and stop sentinel character, each having a predetermined self-clocking encoded binary bit sequence, are placed at the beginning and end of each track respectively, and facilitate automatic detection of film transport direction.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application discloses subject matter related to subject matterdisclosed, in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 255,693, filed herewithentitled "Film Information Exchange System Using Dedicated MagneticTracks on Film" by Robert P. Cloutier, et al.; U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 255,798, filed herewith entitled "Frame-by-Frame Data RecordingFilm Information Exchange System Using Dedicated Magnetic Tracks onFilm" by Robert P. Cloutier, et al.; U.S. patent application Ser. No.254,982, filed herewith entitled "Film Information Exchange System UsingDedicated Magnetic Tracks on Film with Virtual Data Identifiers" by GaryL. Robison; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 255,580, filed herewithentitled "Photofinishing Apparatus with Film Information Exchange SystemUsing Dedicated Magnetic Tracks on Film" by Gary L. Robison, et al.;U.S. patent application Ser. No. 255,006, filed herewith entitled "OrderEntry Process for Magnetically Encodable Film with Dedicated MagneticTracks" by Gary L. Robison, et al.; U.S. patent application Ser. No.255,892, filed herewith entitled "Printing and Makeover Process forMagnetically Encodable Film with Dedicated Magnetic Tracks" by Gary L.Robison, et al.; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 255,891 filed herewithentitled "Finishing Process for Magnetically Encodable Film withDedicated Magnetic Tracks" by Gary L Robison, et al.; U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 255,578 filed herewith entitled "Data AlignmentCircuit and Method For Self-Clocking Encoded Data" by Michael L. Wash;U.S. patent application Ser. No. 255,002 filed herewith entitled"Film-to-Video Player Using Dedicated Magnetic Tracks On Film" byMichael L. Wash; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 254,998 filed herewithentitled "Photofinishing Process With Film-To-Video Printer UsingDedicated Magnetic Tracks On Film" by Michael L. Wash; U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 255,672 filed herewith entitled "Implicit Mid RollInterrupt Protection Code For Camera Using Dedicated Magnetic Tracks OnFilm"; all assigned to the assignee of the present application.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Limitations of Current Consumer PhotographyTechnology

Communication between the camera user and the dealer or photofinishertypically requires written forms which are filled out by the user,usually well after a given scene has been photographed. Thus, inaddition to the inconvenience of filling out such a form, scene-relatedinformation is typically lost or forgotten. Such information may includethe user's desire to not have a particular frame printed or to haveseveral prints made from a given frame, for example. Such informationmay also include the photographic parameters of the scene, observed bythe user or by a sensor, which would have aided the photofinisher'sclassification of the scene to increase the quality of the prints madefrom the film.

Several factors reduce the efficiency of the overall photofinishingprocess. For example, in a large photofinishing laboratory not operatingon a 24 hour per day basis, the film processing equipment must liedormant for a period of time at the beginning of each work day untilenough incoming customer film has been sorted to form one batch of aminimum number (e.g. 70) of film strips of the same type (such as colornegative 35 mm film) to justify running the printing equipment. Ofcourse, undeveloped film (regular customer orders) must be separatedfrom developed film (print re-orders).

More significant sources of inefficiency in the photofinishing processinclude the mechanical steps required to maintain proper correspondencebetween each film strip and the prints made from it, as well as thecustomer's identity. These mechanical steps include the sorting andhandling of each form or envelope originally filled out by the customerso that the envelope follows the customer's film strip throughout thephotofinishing process and winds up with the corresponding set ofprints.

One of the most significant sources of inefficiency in thephotofinishing process arises from the necessity of re-printing an imagefrom a particular frame on a customer's film strip whenever inspectionreveals that the corresponding original print was incorrectly made(usually by an incorrect exposure of the photosensitive print paper tothe developed film negative image). In order to replace the originalprint with a better (so-called "makeover") print, the exposureconditions ("classification") used to make the original print from thenegative film image must first be corrected. Somehow, the particularfilm negative frame in question must be re-classified and thenre-printed while preserving the original prints of the other frames. Themechanical steps include notching the prints to indicate the boundariesbetween adjacent prints and between adjacent orders on a roll of printsas well as marking any original print requiring a makeover in a laborintensive procedure which ensures that proper correspondence betweeneach film strip and the corresponding original prints, makeover printsand customer order form (envelope) is never lost.

Problems to be Solved by the Invention

Recording of information on the film has been loosely suggested as onepossible way around some of the limitations described above. Thesesuggestions have ranged from optical recording of eye-readable symbolsor machine readable symbols to the magnetic recording of machinereadable data. Of course, optical recording on the film has only limiteduse, because once the film has been developed, no further recording maybe done. Furthermore, the information must be restricted to thoselimited areas on the film not occupied by the camera-exposed image ofeach frame, a significant limitation on the amount of information thatcan be recorded.

With magnetic recording in a virtually transparent magnetic layer, highdensity recording may be done everywhere on the film including in theimage area, so that all relevant information theoretically could berecorded with each frame on the film. However, what has not beenrecognized in the prior art is that complete exploitation of thepotential capabilities of magnetic recording on film results in anunwieldy mass of data being recorded on the film, various bits of whichmust be separately accessed at various stages of the film use by cameraand photofinisher. In such a scenario, the photofinisher in particularmust find a certain needle of data in a massive haystack of data at agiven step in the photofinishing process.

A problem underlying all of the foregoing is that neither the camera norany particular stage of the photofinisher may be relied upon totransport the film at some pre-defined velocity while data is beingrecorded or read, nor even at a uniform velocity. Thus, an awkwardrequirement could arise that clocking or velocity information berecorded in a separate track each time data is recorded in one of thededicated tracks. Such a requirement would complicate the recordingprocess, making it less reliable, and reduce the area on the filmavailable for recording information.

Another problem is how to provide the photofinisher with an automaticindication whenever a particular film strip has been spliced in a rollof film strips but rotated (either end-for-end or emulsion side up) withrespect to its original orientation (as established during datarecording in the camera or at an order entry station).

Another problem arises if the accommodation of magnetic reading/writingon the film by both the camera and the various dealer and photofinishingstages precludes the photofinisher from reading/writing on film formats(e.g. 110 or 126 film) adapted to ordinary cameras not having magneticread/write capability. The problem here is how to permit thephotofinisher to use magnetic recording on film without regard to theformat of the film or the type of camera used, using the same magneticrecording format and hardware for all cases. Solving this last problemwould permit all film for all cameras to include the additional magneticlayer, for photofinishing with the same magnetic read/write format andautomated protocols using the film magnetic layer as a frame-by-framescratch pad memory.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Magnetic reading and writing of information in a virtually transparentmagnetic layer in the film during each stage of film use and filmprocessing is restricted to certain dedicated parallel tracks extendinglongitudinally along the length of the film, the choice of track beingdetermined in accordance with the particular information being recorded.Magnetic reading/writing is performed with transport of the film by thecamera during field use and during transport of the film by the dealeror photofinisher during film processing, printing, etc. The tracks arededicated by universal pre-arrangement to certain sets of parameters orinformation, each set being of particular interest to a certain stage inthe use of the film, the various stages including the camera, the dealerorder entry station, the photofinisher order entry station, theclassifier, the printer, the inspection or re-classifier station and theenveloper-sorter station.

The photofinisher tracks occupy the principal image area of each frame,so as to maximize the number of tracks available to the photofinisherand to render the format of these tracks virtually immune to anydifferences between various film formats or film perforation patterns.The photofinisher tracks therefore have a universally applicable formatfor use not just in photofinishing but also in film-to-video players,electronic print processing, etc.

The camera tracks are present only in film adapted for use in camerashaving magnetic read/write capability. For this purpose, the cameratracks are accommodated along the film edges, without impacting thephotofinisher track locations, by interruption of the usual filmperforation pattern along the film edges. In the preferred embodiment,each perforation is located next to the image area while the cameratracks are located next to the image area along the film edges betweensuccessive perforations.

All data is magnetically recorded on the film using a novelself-clocking code which is completely self-clocking, in order toprovide automatic data synchronization between the various users withoutrequiring any of them to transport the film at the same speed or even ata uniform speed when reading and writing. The self-clocking code is asingle channel comprising a succession of uniform clocking pulses withintervening data transition pulses. The temporal placement of each datatransition pulse relative only to the two clocking pulses whichimmediately preceed it and follow it, respectively, determines whetherthat transition pulse corresponds to a binary one or zero. Thus, filmtransport velocity changes between the recording of successive binarybits have no effect upon the information content of the self-clockingencoded data. More importantly, differences in film transport velocitybetween data recording and data playback have no effect upon thereadability of the self-clocking encoded data.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the various types ofinformation are allocated among the dedicated tracks in accordance withgroups of related information types or parameters, some individualgroups being used by more than one stage of the film use cycle.Furthermore, in this preferred embodiment, information common to allframes of the film is in dedicated tracks on the film leader.Specifically, information common to all frames, such as film type,camera type, owner identification, a directory of written informationand the like are recorded in a first camera track (near one film edge)on the film leader. This first camera track is designated track C0 whilethe film leader is designated frame 0. Scene related parametersautomatically sensed by the camera (such as scene luminance, cameraorientation, color temperature, flash fire, etc.) are recorded in trackC0 in each subsequent frame (e.g. frames 1-25). A second camera track,track C1, is dedicated to the recording of secondary information, suchas shutter speed, aperture size, etc. Clearly, an intelligentphotofinishing classifier station, in attempting to compute the optimumexposure conditions to make a print, would read the data on track C0 ineach of frames 1 through 24 (for example), while a finishing station, inattempting to maintain correspondence between a customer's film and hisorder form or envelope, would read the data on track C0 in frame 0. Asimilar sort of allocation of photofinisher dedicated tracks isemployed, with customer print order request data being recorded in afirst photofinisher track (F0) in frame 0, process data such as imageclassification and number of prints made by frame in track F01, frames1-25 (for example). Any makeover correction is recorded in track F02. Asummary of makeover data (e.g. total number of makeover prints) isrecorded in track F2 in frame 0. Other photofinisher tracks may bededicated to uses other than photofinishing, such as frame-by-frame userinstructions for film-to-video players or the like.

Solution to the Problems

The invention solves the problem of attaining data synchronization atall stages of film use without requiring that each stage transport thefilm at constant velocity nor even at the same velocity while recordingor playing back data. The invention achieves this without requiring therecording of an extra space-wasting clocking track simultaneously withthe data track. Instead, the representation of the binary state of aparticular bit is unaffected by the film transport speed duringrecording and playback and is self-clocking. This representationuniquely depends upon the temporal relationship between each datatransition pulse and its immediately preceeding and succeeding clockpulses in the serial pulse train comprising the self-clocking code. Inthe preferred embodiment, a one bit is represented by a data transitionpulse which is closer to the preceeding clock pulse. For a zero bit, thedata transition pulse is closer to the succeeding clock pulse.

The invention solves the data access problem faced by (among others) thephotofinisher of "finding a needle in a haystack" because each stageneed merely know which track has been dedicated to the data relevant tothat stage, and may read the data from that track while ignoring allother data magnetically recorded on the film. Furthermore, in some casesthe reading of data can be dispensed with entirely in order to makecertain basic determinations about the film, by simply determiningwhether certain tracks are empty or not. For example, whether aparticular strip of film has already been developed (and therefore wassubmitted for print re-order) is readily determined by seeing whether ornot certain tracks (e.g. track F1 of frames 1-24) contain recorded dataor not.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention may be understood by reference to the accompanyingdrawings, of which:

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating the parallel dedicated tracks in avirtually transparent magnetic layer on film having a specialperforation format particularly adapted for use in cameras having amagnetic film read/write capability;

FIG. 2 is a simplified diagram illustrating the concept of a cameraadapted to read or write data on the film of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating the parallel dedicated tracks in avirtually transparent magnetic layer on film having the currentlyubiquitous perforation format used in ordinary cameras not having amagnetic film read/write capability;

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating the accommodation of film wander in thecamera of FIG. 2 by the use of different head widths at the variousstages of film use;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating the architecture of a read onlymemory containing a directory of track locations for various parameterswhich may be magnetically written or read on the film, in accordancewith the dedicated track format of FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating the preferred data format used in thededicated tracks of FIG. 1 or FIG. 3;

FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary data identification code table foruniversal use with the data format of FIG. 6 by all stages of film useincluding camera and photofinisher;

FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary symbol table for universal use with thedata format of FIG. 6 by all stages of film use including camera andphotofinisher;

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary reserved control symbol table foruniversal use with the data format of FIG. 6 by all stages of film useincluding camera and photofinisher;

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating a photofinishing system havingmagnetic read/write hardware including automated protocols which use thefilm of FIGS. 1 or 3 as a scratch pad memory for increased efficiency orperformance;

FIG. 11 illustrates a typical operator's keyboard used in thephotofinishing system of FIG. 10 to classify developed negatives forcorrect print exposures;

FIGS. 12a and 12b illustrate the form of the self-clocking code used inthe invention;

FIG. 13 illustrates the use of each start and stop sentinel characterand its compliment to facilitate film reversal sensing;

FIGS. 14a and 14b illustrate the type of film reversal which is bestdetected using the invention; and

FIG. 15 is a simplified block diagram illustrating a self-clockingencoding/decoding on-film magnetic recording system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Preferred Format of the DedicatedTracks on Film

Referring to FIG. 1, a strip 100 of color negative film 35 millimeterswide includes a base 110, various well-known photo-chemical layers 115on one side of the base 110 and a virtually transparent magnetic layer120 on the other side. An anti-static and lubricating layer 122 overliesthe magnetic layer 120. The film strip 100 includes perforations 125spaced along the film edge at regular intervals matching the pitch of ametering pawl in a camera adapted to use the film strip 100.

For purposes of recording data in the magnetic layer 120, each frame ofthe film strip 100 is divided into a plurality of predetermined parallellongitudinal track locations where magnetic tracks of data may berecorded. Each of the tracks is preferably labeled as shown in FIG. 1.In particular, the two outermost tracks along each edge of the filmstrip 100 are tracks C0, C1 and tracks C2, C3, respectively. The thirtyinnermost tracks are tracks F00 through F29. Each one of the outermosttracks C0 through C3 is dedicated to the recording of a particular typeof information by a camera having magnetic recording capability, inaccordance with a pre-arrangement universally established for allcameras and photofinishers. In a similar manner, each one of theinnermost tracks is dedicated to the recording of a particular type ofinformation by a particular type of photofinishing (or other) equipment,in accordance with the above-referenced universal pre-arrangement.

In order to accommodate the presence of the camera tracks C0 through C3along the film strip edges, the perforations 125 are excluded fromperiodic imperforate edge regions 100a adjacent each exposed frame andare restricted to intermediate regions 100b lying between subsequentframes. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, there is only one perforation ineach intermediate region 100b. In the preferred embodiment, theperforations lie along only one longitudinal edge of the film strip 100.

Use of Dedicated Film Tracks in a Camera

Referring to FIG. 2, a camera 200 transports the film strip 100 betweenthe reels 205a,b, of a film cartridge and a take-up sprocket,respectively, conforming to the format of the perforations 125 ofFIG. 1. The camera 200 includes a magnetic read/write head 210 in nearproximity with the magnetic layer 120 on the unsensitized side of thefilm strip 100. A microprocessor 215 controls magnetic data recording orplayback by the head 210 through head electronics 220.

The microprocessor 215 may accept order information to be magneticallyrecorded on the film strip 100 from the camera user through cameracontrols 225, such information pertaining to the number of printsdesired for a given frame, by frame number, for example, or the name andaddress of the camera user for ultimate use by the photofinisher. Themicroprocessor 215 may also accept scene related information from scenesensors 230 to be magnetically recorded on the film strip 100 forultimate use by the photofinisher. Such information may include cameraorientation, scene luminance and the like.

Film-Velocity Independent Data Code

Using the dedicated track on film format of FIG. 1, data is recorded byeither a camera, an order entry station, the photofinisher or any otherstage of film use, by converting the data into binary bits and thenencoding the binary data using a unique self-clocking code. Suchself-clocking encoding is performed in accordance with the teachings ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 206,646 filed June 14, 1988 by MichaelWash entitled "Method for Modulating a Binary Data Stream" and assignedto the assignee of the present application, the disclosure of which isincorporated herein by reference.

The self-clocking code described in the referenced patent application isbriefly summarized here with reference to FIG. 12 of the accompanyingdrawings. The code comprises a serial stream of pulse edge transitionsof a first type (e.g. positive-going edge transitions) and those of asecond type (e.g. negative-going edge transitions) in alternatingsequence. The first type pulse transitions serve as clock indicatorswhile the second type serve as binary data indicators. A binary one isindicated in FIG. 12a by a second type pulse transition 1215 which istemporally closer to the immediately preceeding first type pulsetransition 1205 and farther from the succeeding first type pulsetransition 1210. A binary zero is indicated in FIG. 12b by a second typepulse transition 1215' temporally closer to the succeeding first typepulse transition 1210 than to the preceeding one. With this novelself-clocking code, film transport velocity can vary during recordingand playback without affecting the ability to synchronize and read therecorded data. Thus, the camera of FIG. 2 may record data while windingthe film between exposures without imposing any velocity controls orrecording an independent clock track.

The self-clocking code of FIG. 12 facilitates the automatic detection offilm reversal. For this purpose, two six-bit characters from the tableof reserved characters of FIG. 9 are chosen as the start and stopsentinels, respectively, recorded at the beginning and end of each framein each dedicated track, in a manner described herein with reference toFIG. 6. Furthermore, the compliments of the two symbols thus chosen arealso reserved, as indicated in FIG. 13, the latter two reserved symbolscomprising a film-reversed start sentinel and a film-reversed stopsentinel. This arrangement exploits a property of the self-clocking codeof FIG. 12 in which self-clocking data played back backwards (bytransporting the film past the head in the direction opposite from thatin which it was transported earlier during recording) results in itscomplement being decoded.

Thus, if the film image of FIG. 14a corresponds to the orientation ofthe film during the magnetic recording of data on the film by the camerafor example, and if FIG. 14b corresponds to the orientation of the filmas it is spliced and loaded into photofinishing equipment havingmagnetic read/write capability, the film reversed stop sentinel will bedetected, followed by the film reversed start sentinel, with every frameof data. Such film-reversed start and stop sentinels serve as flags tonotify the photofinisher that the film has been rotated as indicated inFIG. 14b. If the film has been turned inside out instead, the techniqueof FIG. 13 does not create a flag. However, such an error is easilydetected, since it causes the opposite side of the film to face thephotofinisher's magnetic heads, thus increasing the distance between theheads and the magnetic layer 120 of FIG. 1, resulting in a decrease insignal-to-noise ratio.

FIG. 15 illustrates a simple example of a magnetics on filmself-clocking read/write system useful in the camera 200 of FIG. 2.

The advantage of the longitudinal dedicated track format of FIG. 1 isthat magnetic recording of data on the film strip 100 may be performedby the camera using a relatively stationary head (i.e. the head 210) bybuffering all of the data to be recorded in a particular frame in aparticular camera track and then transmitting the data to the head justas the film is being wound to the next frame.

The microprocessor 215 includes a read only memory 240 containinginstructions sufficient to ensure that each type of information receivedis recorded in the correct one of the dedicated camera tracks C0-C3 inaccordance with a universal pre-arrangement common to both the cameraand the photofinisher. For this purpose, the microprocessor sorts andbuffers each piece of information in compliance with the instructionsstored in the read only memory 240. The nature of this pre-arrangementand the architecture of the read only memory will be described below inthis specification.

Dedicated Tracks Format for Ordinary Cameras and Film

The format of the photofinisher tracks F00 through F29 is the sameregardless of the placement of the film perforations 125 of FIG. 1.Thus, a photofinisher may employ the same magnetic recording protocolsand hardware on all types of film provided that a virtually transparentmagnetic layer (such as the layer 120 of FIG. 1) is added to all typesof film. Thus, referring to FIG. 3, ordinary 35 mm color negative filmhaving the now-standard pattern of closely spaced perforations alongboth film edges accommodates the photofinisher tracks F00 through F29having the same width and spacing as that of the special film format ofFIG. 1. Although the perforations of FIG. 3 preclude the presence of thecamera tracks C0 through C3, such film is not used in cameras havingmagnetic read/write capabilities and so the camera tracks need not bepresent. The advantage here is that all subsequent users of the film(i.e. photofinisher, film-to-video player, etc.) have been allocated themaximum number of tracks for all film formats, including those of FIG. 1and of FIG. 3.

Camera and Photofinisher Dedicated Track Widths

Referring to FIG. 4, the width of the camera dedicated tracks C0-C3 isgreater than that of the photofinisher tracks F00-F29. Of course, thesetrack widths are controlled by the selection of the camera head widthsand the photofinisher head widths. Preferably, the difference issufficient to accommodate film wander in the camera during winding ofthe film while recording is performed by the head 210. Such wanderingcauses the camera tracks to have the meandering appearance illustratedin FIG. 4. Note in FIG. 4 that the photofinisher head, which must readthe camera tracks, does not leave the camera track because it has a muchsmaller width.

Allocation of the Dedicated Tracks

FIG. 5 illustrates the allocation of the dedicated tracks, among thevarious information types, implemented by microcodes stored in the readonly memory 240 of FIG. 2. There are four camera tracks and fifteenphotofinisher tracks in each frame of the film exposed by the camera,these frames being designated frames 1 through 25. The film leader andtrailer are designated frames 0 and 26, respectively. In general, theinformation recorded in frames 0 and 26 pertains to the film strip 100as a whole, while the information recorded in each of frames 1 through25 is unique for a particular frame. In FIG. 5, three of the four cameratracks are used by the camera, while three of the thirty photofinishertracks are used by the photofinisher. The rest of the photofinishertracks are reserved for the recording of film-to-video playerinstructions (track F03), electronic print processing instructions(track F04) and audio (track F05 through F14). The remaining tracks(F15-F29) are reserved for unforeseen purposes.

Each of the tracks is dedicated to a particular group of informationtypes which would in most cases be written or read together. Thus, frame0 track C0 is reserved for information relating to the owner and thecamera for recording by the camera. Similarly, frame 0 track F00 isreserved for information relating to the owner and the photofinisher forrecording by the photofinisher. Likewise, track F00 of frame 0 isreserved for recording by the photofinisher--or by an order entrystation--of the customer's instructions, the film type, and relatedinformation pertaining to the treatment of the order. Track F02 of frame0 is reserved for the recording of historical information regarding thelocation of frames requiring makeover prints and print reorders by thecustomer, for use by the photofinisher during a subsequent print reorderby the customer.

Track C0 of each exposed frame (frames 1-25) is reserved forscene-related information for recording by the camera, such as sceneluminance, camera orientation and the like. Similarly, track F01 isreserved for photofinisher information unique to a particular exposedframe such as the classification of the negative image (determination ofthe proper print exposure), number of prints made, etc. Any makeovercorrection to the classification is recorded in track F02.

The embodiment of FIG. 5 does not take into account all of theinformation types which may be magnetically recorded by the camera,retail order station or photofinisher on the film. However, theembodiment of FIG. 5 is an example of the manner in which allinformation types may be classified as to which track each one is to beassigned. The principle underlying the manner in which each informationtype is assigned to a particular track is that all information relatedto a particular transaction should be recorded on the same track, sothat that track is dedicated to being written or read during thoseoperations associated with that transaction.

The various transactions provided for in the embodiment of FIG. 5 are:(a) recording of customer data, including the customer address; (b)recording of scene-related information with each exposure, includingparameters characterizing lighting conditions and camera exposuresettings; (c) recording by the retail order station or photofinisher ofcustomer order information, such as the number of prints desired; (d)the recording of inspection and makeover classification correction for agiven frame by the photofinisher; (e) the recording of a summary ofmakeover data or print reorder data applicable to the entire film roll;(f) the recording of instructions for a film to video player; (g) therecording of instructions for electronic print processing; and (h) therecording of audio. In general (but not always) each of the magneticrecording tracks illustrated in FIG. 1 is dedicated to one of theforegoing transactions (a) through (h). The result is that duringrecording the amount of searching for an available recording location isminimized while during playback the amount of searching through datairrelevant for a particular operation is also minimized. For example,during the classification operation, in which the optimum print exposurecondition for each frame is determined, all scene-related informationpotentially helpful in determining the proper classification may beobtained by reading data from a single track, namely thecamera-dedicated track C0 in each exposed frame (frames 1-25). No othertrack need be read.

Preferred Data Architecture

As previously described herein with respect to FIG. 1, the data recordedmagnetically on the film strip 100 is divided into frames exposed by thecamera (frames 1-25) as well as the film leader (frame 0), the datawithin each frame being allocated among a plurality of dedicated trackswithin the frame. FIG. 6 illustrates the preferred data format withineach track of each frame.

In FIG. 6, each track 600 has the length of one frame and is dividedinto a plurality of fields 610. Each track 600 includes a predicatestart sentinel 615 at its beginning end (the left-hand edge of the trackin FIG. 6 where the head begins its scanning of the track 600) and astop sentinel 640 at its end. Each field includes a predicate IDsentinel 620 followed immediately by an ID code 625. The purpose of thetrack start sentinel 615 is to notify the read/write system in thecamera or in the photofinishing hardware of the beginning location ofthe track 600. The purpose of the field ID sentinel 620 is to notify thesame system of the beginning location of each succeeding field in thetrack 600. The purpose of the ID code 625 is to identify the type ofinformation recorded in the following field. In the preferred embodimentof the invention, each start sentinel 615 is preceeded by a start syncmark 616 and each end sentinel 640 is followed by a stop sync mark 641.The marks 616, 641 enable special circuitry described in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 255,578 filed herewith by Michael J. Wash andentitled "DATA ALIGNMENT CIRCUIT AND METHOD FOR SELF-CLOCKING ENCODEDDATA", to achieve proper synchronization under adverse conditionsdescribed therein.

The ID code is recorded in the beginning of each field and is determinedby the information type which follows it. For example, if the camera 200of FIG. 2 is about to record the level of scene luminance observed bysensors on the camera during exposure of the frame, the camera firstcauses a unique ID code to be recorded just ahead of the datarepresenting the scene luminance level. In the simplest embodiment, aunique ID code is assigned to each parameter or information type whichmay be recorded on the film, so that the ID codes for all possibleinformation types constitute a large dictionary. Inasmuch as the samedictionary must be employed by all stages in the life cycle of the film(e.g., camera, photofinisher, etc.), identical read only memories areprovided at each stage, each of these memories embodying a universal IDcode dictionary and controlling the reading and writing of ID codes ateach stage of film use.

The advantage is that the placement of a particular parameter within thetrack 600 by the camera need not be previously known by thephotofinisher in order for the photofinisher to be able to find thatparameter on the track, since the photofinisher may simply refer to thecorresponding ID code recorded by the camera. This same advantage holdsbetween any other separate components, where one component writes dataonto the film and the other independently reads the data from the filmat a later time and, typically, at a different location.

One exemplary embodiment of a universal ID code dictionary isillustrated in FIG. 7. The dictionary of FIG. 7 is implemented as a setof microcodes stored in a read only memory 700 connected to themicroprocessor of FIG. 2. The read only memory 700 of FIG. 7 defines atwo-character ID code for each parameter which may be recorded. In thisembodiment, the ID codes start at AA and end at HI, as just one possibleexample. While FIG. 7 depicts each ID code as being associated with thename of a particular parameter, in practice each ID code would beassociated with the buffer or memory location of that parameter in therecording system so as to identify the corresponding data in terms ofits location prior to being recorded. A system designer may use FIG. 7,for example, to construct the actual machine language content of theread only memory 700, depending upon the particular system designemployed.

The binary bits recorded for each alphanumeric symbol representing aparticular piece of information (e.g. scene luminance or customeraddress) or for one of the two-character ID codes of FIG. 7 are definedin accordance with the table of FIG. 8. The table of FIG. 8 isrepresented as a set of microcodes stored in a read only memory 800connected to the microprocessor of 215. Each alphanumeric symbol isrepresented by a pattern of six binary bits. The read only memory 800defines a universal symbol dictionary which is used to perform readingand writing of data on the film at all stages of film use. The table ofFIG. 8 is derived from the ASCII standard symbols.

The read only memory 800 also defines the six-bit patterns which arereserved for control purposes and which therefore may not be used forinformation or data. These reserved symbols are set forth in theexemplary table of FIG. 9, and include the control symbols illustratedin FIG. 6, including the start symbol 615a,b, the ID sentinel 620, aframe stop symbol 640a,b and the compliments of the start and stopsentinels 615 and 640. Other symbols are reserved in FIG. 9 in order topermit the skilled system designer to exercise other read or writecontrols as desired.

Referring again to FIG. 6, each data field ends with a six-bit paritycharacter as shown. The first (most significant) two bits of the paritycharacter are always 10, to prevent the parity character from assumingthe value of any of the reserved characters of FIG. 9. The next bit isreserved for unforeseen purposes. The last (least significant) thesebits provide single bit parity check for (a) the ID code of the field,(b) the remaining data characters in the field, and (c) the paritycharacter itself, respectively. This format preserves thesix-bit-per-byte boundary, even for the parity bits, thus simplifyingthe task of reading recorded data. It imposes far less overhead than thewell-known technique of including one parity bit per character.

In FIG. 2, the microprocessor 215 in the camera 200, while referring tothe read only memory 240 for the track locations of the various allowedparameters, must also refer to read only memories 700 and 800 for theuniversal ID code dictionary and universal symbol dictionary in orderthat subsequent readers of the data recorded by the camera 200 mayproperly interpret the data.

Implicit Mid Roll Interrupt Protection Code For Camera

Referring to FIG. 9, by reserving the six-bit character "[" as the IDsentinel 620 used by the film manufacturer only and "<" as the IDsentinel for all other users (camera, photofinisher, etc.), the cameraof FIG. 2 can always detect the film frame (position) of the nextunexposed frame by simply searching for the ID sentinel "<" at thebeginning of any camera track. Preferably, the camera's processor 215 ofFIG. 2 is programmed with instructions to do just that each time a filmcartridge is loaded.

Exemplary Use Of Dedicated Tracks in Photofinishing

Use of the dedicated film tracks for magnetic recording of informationby a camera has been described with reference to the example of FIG. 2.FIG. 10 illustrates one example of the use of the dedicated film tracks(of either FIG. 1 or FIG. 3) for magnetic reading and writing in aphotofinishing system. In general, such a photofinishing system employsits own version of the read only memories 240, 700, 800 for tracklocation, an ID code dictionary and a symbol dictionary.

In FIG. 10, the film strip 100 is removed from the cartridge (or atleast partially extracted to expose its leader--frame 0) at an orderentry station 910. The order entry station 910 may be located either atthe dealer or at the photofinishing laboratory. The order entry stationhas a magnetic read/write system including a head 910a and a controller(microprocessor) 915 which executes an order entry algorithm stored inmemory 925. This algorithm defines the correct track locations in frame0 for the recording of customer-related information, including thenumber of prints desired, the customer's name and address, etc., enteredin at a terminal 920 or read directly from one of the camera tracks. Adeveloper 927 develops the film strip 100 to form a negative image ineach exposed frame.

The film strip 100 then enters a classifier 930 which determines theoptimum print exposure condition for each frame on the film strip 100.The classifier may do this either manually under control of a humanoperator or automatically using an image sensor such as is done in theEastman Kodak 3510 Color Printer or in the Eastman Kodak CLAS 35 ColorPrinter. An exemplary manual control terminal included in the manualversion of the classifier 930 is illustrated in FIG. 11. The luminancevalue at which the photosensitive print paper is to be exposed through agiven negative image may be changed from a nominal value (gray level) byarbitrary values -4 to +4 by pressing one of the appropriate buttons inthe row of buttons labelled "D" on the left side of the terminal of FIG.11. The intensity of red, green and blue light at which the print paperis exposed may be altered from pre-defined nominal values in similarmanner by arbitrary values -4 to +4 by pushing the appropriate buttonsin the corresponding one of the rows of buttons labelled "R", 37 G" and"B", respectively. The resulting classification (defined by theluminance, red, green and blue print exposure values) is recorded by theclassifier's magnetic head 930a in the appropriate one of the dedicatedtracks (in accordance with the track allocation defined in a read onlymemory such as the memory 240 of FIG. 5).

It should be noted that if data previously recorded on the film strip100 indicates that it has been previously developed and printed (so thata classification value is stored in each frame in the appropriatetrack), then the developer 927 and the classifier 930 are automaticallybypassed.

A printer 940 receives the film strip 100, reads the classificationpreviously recorded in each frame by the classifier 930, and exposes oneframe in a roll of photosensitive paper 937 through the correspondingnegative frame with an exposure whose characteristics meet the recordedclassification. The printer 940 includes its own magnetic read/writesystem, such as a magnetic head 940a, a controller 945 and a memory 950storing a classifier/printer algorithm. This algorithm governs themagnetic reading and writing by the printer 940 and classifier 930 inaccordance with the dedicated tracks format of FIG. 1 or FIG. 3. Forexample, the printer/classifier algorithm requires the controller 945 todetermine whether camera tracks (tracks C0 through C3) were previouslyrecorded on the film strip 100. If so, the dedicated track film formatof FIG. 1 applies and scene-related information (if used by theclassifier 930 to enhance the accuracy of the classification operation)may be found by reading the appropriate track. Likewise, theprinter/classifier algorithm in the memory 950 tells the printer 940where to find the classification value recorded in each frame by theclassifier 930.

An operator at an inspection station views each of the prints on theprint roll 943 to determine whether a makeover print is required for anyof them. Under control of a controller 965 which executes an inspectionalgorithm stored in a memory 970, data is recorded on the film strip 100in the appropriate track by the inspection station's magnetic head 960areflecting the necessity (if any) of a makeover print in a given frame.Presumably the makeover was necessitated by an incorrect classification,and a correction to the original classification must be computed andrecorded in the appropriate track on the film strip 100. In oneembodiment, this is done by the inspection station 960 itself, while inanother embodiment this is done at a separate re-classifier 975 havingits own magnetic recording head 975a and recording system for thispurpose. The film strip 100--which may be included in a roll of manysuch film strips--is sent to a makeover printer 980, typically bytransferring the entire roll. The makeover printer 980 has its ownmagnetic read/write system, including magnetic head 980a, with which itmay read the appropriate data in the appropriate tracks to determinewhich of the frames require makeover prints and, for each one of these,what the original classification value was and what the classificationcorrection is. From this information, the makeover printer exposes theappropriate frames on the film strip 100 using the correctedclassification values.

A roll of makeover prints 983 produced by the makeover printer 980, theroll of prints 943 produced by the printer 940 and the roll of developedfilm including the film strip 100 are all fed to a sorter 985. Thesorter collates the individual original and makeover prints with thecorresponding film strips into complete customer orders, discarding anyoriginal prints whenever corresponding makeover prints have been made.Whether a corresponding makeover print has been made is determined bythe sorter 985 through its magnetic read/write system including acontroller 987 which executes a sorter algorithm stored in a memory 990and the sorter's magnetic head 985a. The head 985a is simply directed toread the required data from the appropriate one of the dedicated trackson the film strip 100 by the controller 987, in accordance with thetrack allocation illustrated in FIG. 5.

Magnetic Heads For Multiple Tracks

Magnetically reading and writing data in a plurality of parallelmagnetic tracks is a known technique in the field of magnetic taperecording and magnetic disk recording. One way is to use an array ofstationary magnetic heads, one head for each track. Such an array issold by Spin Physics, San Diego, Calif., as part number 203454. Aninvention for adapting such technology to magnetic recording on film isdisclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 254,903, filed herein byMichael L. Wash, et al. entitled "Camera Apparatus for MagneticallyRecording on Film", the disclosure of which is incorporated herein byreference.

While the invention has been described in detail by specific referenceto preferred embodiments thereof, it is understood that other variationsand modifications may be made without departing from the spirit andscope of the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. In an elongate photographic film stripsusceptible of exposure of successive frames thereof in a camera havinga magnetic reading or writing system and adapted for printing by aphotofinishing device having a magnetic reading or writing system, theimprovement comprising:a virtually transparent magnetic layer; andlongitudinal parallel tracks magnetically recorded in said magneticlayer, said tracks comprising self-clocking three-part encoded data,each of said tracks beginning and ending within a particular frame, andeach of said tracks further comprising first and second three-partencoded binary characters uniquely representing start and stop sentinelsrespectively, whereby said film strip may be transported at differentvelocities with respect to the magnetic reading or writing means in saidcamera and in said photofinishing device and whereby the direction offilm strip transport can be automatically detected through said startand stop sentinels.
 2. In a stage of a film processing system whichprocesses an elongate photographic film strip having successive frames,the improvement comprising:means for writing or reading self-clockingencoded data in a virtually transparent magnetic layer on said filmstrip, said data being relegated to longitudinal parallel tracks in eachof said frames, and said encoded data including a start sentinelcharacter and a stop sentinel character placed at the beginning and endof each said track respectively, said characters each having apredetermined self-clocking encoded binary bit sequence.
 3. Theimprovement of claim 2 further comprising means for sensing whenever thecomplement of either of said binary bit sequences is read from any ofsaid tracks so as to sense if said film strip is being transported in alongitudinal direction opposite to that in which said tracks werepreviously recorded.
 4. The improvement of claim 3 wherein the stage ofthe film processing system comprises one of: a camera, a dealer orderentry system, a photofinisher order entry system, a classifier, aprinter, an inspection or re-classifier station, and an envelope-sorterstation.
 5. In a photofinishing system in which an elongate photographicfilm strip having a virtually transparent magnetic layer and successiveframes is developed and printed after exposure by a camera, theimprovement comprising:means for sensing whether self-clocking data haspreviously been recorded in said magnetic layer as longitudinal parallelcamera-dedicated tracks; and means for recording self-clocking encodeddata in said magnetic layer so as to create longitudinal parallelphotofinisher-dedicated tracks in each of said frames, and for placing astart sentinel character and stop sentinel character at the beginningand end of each said track respectively, said characters each having apredetermined self-clocking encoded binary bit sequence.
 6. Theimprovement of claim 5 further comprising means for sensing whenever thecomplement of either of said binary bit sequences is read from any ofsaid tracks so as to sense if said film strip is being transported insaid photofinishing system in a longitudinal direction opposite to thatin which said tracks were previously recorded.